Game theoretic approach in routing protocols for wireless mobile ad hoc networks

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) are becoming popular as a means of providing communication among a group of people. Because of self-configuring and self-organizing characteristics, MANETs can be deployed quickly. There is no infrastructure defined in the network, therefore all of the participating nodes relay packets for other nodes and perform routing if necessary. Because of the limitations in wireless transmission range, communication links could be multi-hop. Routing protocol is the most important element of MANET. Routing protocols for MANET can broadly be classified as proactive routing protocol and reactive routing protocol. In proactive routing protocols like Destination Sequence Distance Vector (DSDV), mobile nodes periodically exchange routing information among themselves. Hence proactive routing protocols generate high overhead messages in the network. On the other hand, reactive routing protocols like Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) work on-demand. Hence reactive routing protocols generate fewer number of overhead messages in the network compared to proactive routing protocols. But reactive routing protocols use a global search mechanism called flooding during the route discovery process. By flooding mechanism a source node can discover multiple routes to a destination. Flooding generates a large number of overhead packets in the network and is the root cause of scaling problem of reactive routing protocols. Hierarchical Dynamic Source Routing (HDSR) protocol has been proposed in this dissertation to solve that scaling problem. The DSR protocol has been modified and optimized to implement HDSR protocol. HDSR protocol reduces the flooding problem of reactive routing protocols by introducing hierarchy among nodes. Two game theoretic models, Forwarding Dilemma Game (FDG) and Forwarding Game Routing Protocol (FGRP), is proposed to minimize the \u27flooding\u27 effect by restricting nodes that should participate in route discovery process based on their status. Both FDG and FGRP protocols reduce overhead packet and improve network performances in terms of delay packet delivery ratio and throughput. Both protocols were implemented in AODV and the resulting protocol outperformed AODV in our NS-2 simulations. A thorough connectivity analysis was also performed for FDG and FGRP to ensure that these protocols do not introduce disconnectivity. Surprisingly, both FDG and FGRP showed better connectivity compared to AODV in moderate to high node density networks

Game theoretic approach in routing protocol for wireless ad hoc networks

This paper introduces a game theoretic method, called forwarding dilemma game (FDG), which controls routing overhead in dense multi-hop wireless ad hoc networks. The players of the game are the wireless nodes with set of strategies {Forward, Not forward}. The game is played whenever an arbitrary node in the network receives a flooding packet. In FDG, every player needs to know the number of players of the game. That is why a neighbor discovery protocol (NDP) is introduced. In order for NDP to function, a field is attached to the flooding packets (routing overhead packets). The mixed strategy Nash equilibrium is used as a solution for the FDG. This provides the probability that the flooding packet would be forwarded by the receiver node. FDG with NDP is implemented in AODV protocol in Network Simulator NS-2 to verify its performance with simulations. FDG with NDP improves performance of the AODV compared to the same network with only AODV protocol in moderate and high node densities. FDG can be applied to any routing protocol that uses flooding in the route discovery phase

Effect of dietary crude protein level on the performance and apparent digestibility of Iranian Saanen kids

The effects of increasing dietary levels of crude protein (CP) on growth, feed intake, feed efficiency and nutrient apparent digestibility on Iranian Saanen kids were studied. 24 Iranian Saanen weaned kids who were 86 ± 3 days old with live weight of 9 ± 03 kg were used in a completely randomized design. There were three treatments (n = 8 kids per treatment). The dietary treatments contained 35% lucerne hay with 65% concentrate supplement that consisted of 14, 15 and 16% CP for T1, T2 and T3, respectively (based on dry matter). The kids were housed in individual metabolic cages. Daily intake and body weight gain were determined and feed efficiency was calculated. Rumen fluid was collected by stomach tube and pH was immediately measured. The results show that, with increasing CP level in the diet, feed intake and body weight gain increased numerically, which was not significant (P> 0.5). Feed efficiency improved with increasing CP level. The effects of treatments on apparent digestibility were not significant (P> 0.5); but, ammonia-N and pH significantly increased with increasing CP level (P<0.5). No significant differences were observed between treatments for body measurement. Therefore, the results of this study show that increasing CP level from 14 to 16% improved performance in the Saanen kids.Keywords: Saanen kids, crude protein level, treatment, performanceAfrican Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 12(26), pp. 4202-420

Marker-Assisted Selection for Recognizing Wheat Mutant Genotypes Carrying HMW Glutenin Alleles Related to Baking Quality

Allelic diversity of HMW glutenin loci in several studies revealed that allelic combinations affect dough quality. Dx5 + Dy10 subunits are related to good baking quality and Dx2 + Dy12 are related to undesirable baking quality. One of the most regular methods to evaluate the baking quality is SDS-PAGE which is used to improve baking quality labs. Marker-assisted selection is the method which can recognize the alleles related to baking quality and this method is based on polymerase chain reaction. 10 pairs of specific primers related to Dx2, Dx2.1, Dx5, Dy10, and Dy12 subunits were used for recognizing baking quality of some wheat varieties and some mutant genotypes. Only 5 pairs of them could show the specific bands. All subunits were recognized by the primers except Dx2.1. Some of the primers were extracted from previous studies and the others were designed based on D genome subunits of wheat. SDS-PAGE method accomplished having confidence in these marker’s results. To realize the effect of mutation, seed storage proteins were measured. It showed that mutation had effect on the amount of seed storage protein on the mutant seeds (which showed polymorphism)

Game theoretic approach in routing protocol for wireless ad hoc networks

a b s t r a c t This paper introduces a game theoretic method, called forwarding dilemma game (FDG), which controls routing overhead in dense multi-hop wireless ad hoc networks. The players of the game are the wireless nodes with set of strategies {Forward, Not forward}. The game is played whenever an arbitrary node in the network receives a flooding packet. In FDG, every player needs to know the number of players of the game. That is why a neighbor discovery protocol (NDP) is introduced. In order for NDP to function, a field is attached to the flooding packets (routing overhead packets). The mixed strategy Nash equilibrium is used as a solution for the FDG. This provides the probability that the flooding packet would be forwarded by the receiver node. FDG with NDP is implemented in AODV protocol in Network Simulator NS-2 to verify its performance with simulations. FDG with NDP improves performance of the AODV compared to the same network with only AODV protocol in moderate and high node densities. FDG can be applied to any routing protocol that uses flooding in the route discovery phase

Determination of chemical composition, mineral content, antioxidant capacity and rumen degradability in various varieties of wasted date palm

This experiment was carried out in order to characterise six varieties of wasted date palm (WDP). In particular, chemical composition, including mineral content, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of varieties were determined. Dry matter (DM) disappearance in samples was determined at 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48 h using the in situ method. The results of chemical composition showed that WDP varieties contained 3.23–6.27% Crude Protein (CP), 6.02–32.27% Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), 3.83–23.97% Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF), and 54.98–88.38% Non-Fibrous Carbohydrate (NFC) (DM basis). Kharak variety had the highest NDF and as result had the lowest NFC compared to other varieties (p < .05). In addition, all varieties were good sources of minerals, especially potassium and calcium. The total phenolic compounds value was in the range of 2.96 to 9.43% where Koloteh variety had the lowest value and Kharak variety had the highest value. The Kharak variety had the highest flavonoids content and antioxidant activity compare to other varieties (p < .05). The result of degradability showed that rapidly degradable fraction (a) of dry matter was high in all varieties except in Kharak. The Estameran had the highest and Kharak had the lowest potentially degradability fraction (D). Thus, according to the results of this experiment, it can be concluded that WDP can be used as part of the diet of ruminants that helps to reduce the costs

An Evolutionary Relationship Between Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase (SCD) Protein Sequences Involved in Fatty Acid Metabolism

Background: Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) is a key enzyme that converts saturated fatty acids (SFAs) to monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) in fat biosynthesis. Despite being crucial for interpreting SCDs’ roles across species, the evolutionary relationship of SCD proteins across species has yet to be elucidated. This study aims to present this evolutionary relationship based on amino acid sequences. Methods: Using Multiple Sequence Alignment (MSA) and phylogenetic construction methods, a hypothetical evolutionary relationship was generated between the stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) protein sequences between 18 different species. Results: SCD protein sequences from Homo sapiens, Pan troglodytes (chimpanzee), and Pongo abelii (orangutan) have the lowest genetic distances of 0.006 of the 18 species studied. Capra hircus (goat) and Ovis aries (Sheep) had the next lowest genetic distance of 0.023. These farm animals are 99.987% identical at the amino acid level. Conclusions: The SCD proteins are conserved in these 18 species, and their evolutionary relationships are similar